Amnesty International

Human Rights Watch

ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは報告書を発表し、ブチャでの即決処刑、違法な殺害、強制失踪、拷問の結論を裏付けると確認した。これらは戦争犯罪および人道に対する罪に該当する可能性がある。
4月に自らが発表した記録を、基本的には踏襲し確認した文書と考えられる。
AI の調査記録ともおおむね符合しており、このあたりが実態かなと考えられる。

そうすると、ウクライナの政府・軍関係報告とのかい離、とくに西欧メディア系報道が書き立てた強姦・子殺し、遺体の凌辱など流血ドバドバの記録が両団体の調査で確認されされていないことの理由がもとめられる。そもそもそんな死体があったのか？　街のメインストリートにばらまかれた死体は、例の死体管理所からあふれ出して、ユンボで掘られた穴に改葬されようとしていた例の死体ではないか？

ロシア軍はそこに常駐していたから経過はわかる。おそらくはカプリシュニーが任務放棄して逃亡したあと、ブツブツ言いながら残務処理したのだろう。だから「これは偽旗作戦」だと批判した可能性はある。

Reactions

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Ukraine

4月に人工衛星写真をドカンと発表したニューヨーク・タイムズ紙は、2022年12月22日、虐殺事件に関する調査結果を公表した。

同紙による8か月にわたる映像調査の結果、ヤブルンスカ通り沿いで虐殺を実行したのは、アルチョーム・ゴロディロフ中佐率いる第76親衛空挺師団所属の第234空挺連隊のロシア空挺部隊員であると結論付けた。[121] 
「あほか？」と思う。ロシア軍が殺したのである。おそらくは即決でやったのだろうから、ジュネーブ条約違反だ。それで終わりだ。便衣兵が降伏したとき、即、戦時捕虜になるのではない。便衣兵は刑法犯の扱いを受ける。降伏兵と認められて初めて戦時捕虜になる。残置兵、潜伏兵となればそれなりのプロセスを踏んで、それなりの処罰を受ける。
道路に撒き散らした、あるいは撒き散らしにして放棄したのは遺体損壊で別の罪だ。そもそも誰が撒き散らしたのかは別の話で、そちらのほうが悪意は深い。
ということで、天下のNYタイムズは、ウクライナ政府も巻き込みながら、ジェノサイド神話の形成にいそしみ、果てしない混迷の泥濘に沈み込んでいくのである。他にもいろんな挨拶があって、最後はゼレンスキーの国連安保理での演説により、「一大虐殺事件であり、ジェノサイドであった」と祭り上げれるに至る。結局これが停戦交渉を破棄し現在まで4人近くも続く（これは太平洋戦争より長い）大戦争を続けた、最大の、というより唯一の理由だからである。

しかし、そこには大虐殺もジェノサイドも、人肉が飛び散り、強姦や幼児虐殺満載の大惨劇もなかったし、むしろ激しい市街戦の割には大きな犠牲も出さずにすんだ戦闘だったのである。

私は1998年ハバナ港内で発生したメイン号事件を思い出す。あれこそまさに偽旗作戦であり、謀略事件であり、アメリカが戦争に介入する口実となった。私の書いた「キューバ革命史」を参照されたい。
いまのニューヨーク・タイムズの役割を果たしたのが、当時は「ハースト」新聞と呼ばれ、影ではイエローペーパーと揶揄された。連中のモットーは「メイン号を忘れるな」は、のちに「真珠湾を忘れるな）と転用されたから、大概の日本人はご存知であろう。



その後ジェノサイドはどうなったか

NYタイムズによる衛星写真の発表後、欧州側の突出した、半ば狂気に近い強硬発言が繰り返されるようになった。「ブチャの悲劇」はすべての悪意の意匠としてアイコン化されるようになった。言っては悪いが、数字や意味を中抜きされた空虚なシンボルに代わってしまったのである。

欧州議会議長のシャルル・ミシェルは「キエフでロシア軍が犯した残虐行為の衝撃的な映像に衝撃を受けた」と述べた。しかし即決処刑の証拠は見つかったが、それはロシア軍死者と比べて特別多いというわけではない。その犠牲者のかなりが戦闘に参加した便衣兵であり、その証拠となる東部への在住証明や、右翼・ネオナチの入れ墨などが確認されていることからも、一般市民とは到底思えない。

要するにそこにあったのはロシアの戦車隊と、民間人を装い民家の物陰に隠れたウクライナ兵との激突だったのである。強姦、児童の処刑、屍体の凌辱などはウクライナ軍の報告、現地民の証言のレベルに留まり、HRW、AI、UNCHRなどの報告では確認されていない。道路に散乱された屍体もウクライナ便衣兵のものと考えるのが合理的のようだ。しかも散乱させたのがロシア兵なのか、そうではない別な人間なのか、断定できない。

最初から言っているように、３月１１日の人工衛星写真がその証拠なのだが、それが３月１１日に撮影されたものという根拠が提出されていない。それに３月１１日にはすでに戦闘が実質的に終了していたのだから、１１日になってわざわざ道路に連れて行って、行進しながら１０メートルにつき１人づつ殺害したことになる。なぜだ。なぜうんこタラシみたいな殺し方をしたのだ。むしろ殺害した後、遺体をトラックに積んでバラまいたと考えるほう合理的ではないか。
たしかにばらまくという行動がそもそも非合理だ。だが、ばらまいたところを宇宙から撮影して世界の人に「虐殺の証拠だ」と大宣伝するつもりなら、それは十分に合理的である。（という仮定の話が成立しうる）
その場合、実行可能の日にちはきわめて限定される。もちろん３月１１日では無理だ。しかし３月１１日という日付の真実性は衛星の航行記録に照らし合わせて、もう少し明らかにされる必要があるのではないか？ 少なくとも国際裁判になったときに、プーチン被告側に疑う権利はある。

（訳注：　私が子供時代に歌った歌（というか…）で「みっちゃんみちみちウンコたれて、紙が無いから手で拭いて、 勿体ないからなめちゃった」というのがある。静岡の人なら誰でも知っている。（と思う）

[129] NATO 事務総長のイェンス・ストルテンベルグも同様に、民間人を標的にした行為に恐怖を表明した。[130]

アントニオ・グテーレス国連事務総長も欧州の人である。彼はこの映像に衝撃を受け、責任の所在を明らかにする独立した調査を要請した。[131][132]国連安全保障理事会は 4 月 5 日、ゼレンスキー大統領のビデオ演説を含め、この状況について協議するために招集された。[133][134] 

On 7 April, the United States initiated a resolution at the emergency special session of the UN General Assembly to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council, the UN's leading human rights body.[135] The resolution passed, with 93 countries voting for the proposal, 24 against, and 58 abstaining.[136] Russia is the second country to have its membership rights revoked at the council, after Libya in 2011, and the only permanent member of the Security Council to have its rights revoked.[135][136]

Foreign ministers from the G7 issued a joint statement condemning the "atrocities" committed by Russia in Bucha and other parts of Ukraine.[137]

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen visited Bucha on 8 April, viewing mass graves and describing the massacre as "the cruel face of Putin's army".[138] Von der Leyen later visited Kyiv and met with Zelenskyy, presenting Zelenskyy with paperwork to begin the process of Ukraine's accession to the European Union and offering to fast-track Ukraine's application.[139] 

Other countries

Leaders of neighbouring European countries condemned the attack and called for investigations into the atrocities. Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas compared the images of the event to those of mass killings committed by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, and called for details to be gathered and perpetrators brought to court,[140] while Slovak Prime Minister Eduard Heger compared the massacre with the "apocalypse of war in former Yugoslavia".[141] Moldovan President Maia Sandu called the event "crimes against humanity" and declared 4 April 2022 a day of national mourning in memory of all Ukrainians killed in the Russo-Ukrainian war.[142] Amongst Ukraine and Russia's other neighbours, such condemnations were also expressed by political leaders in Finland,[143] Lithuania,[144] Poland,[145] and Turkey.[146][147]

These events led to numerous European Union members – including Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden – ordering the expulsion of more than 200 Russian diplomats from their countries.[148][149] Such expulsions were also effected by Japan.[150]

Several Chinese state media outlets highlighted claims from Russia that Ukraine staged the incident, repeated Russian claims against responsibility, and claimed the United States was responsible for the war.[151][152][153] Representatives of China and India to the UN Security Council described the reports as "deeply disturbing" and backed calls for international investigations.[154][155] In China, such reactions were also echoed at a press briefing by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, although blame for the incident was not directly attributed to any of the involved actors.[156] This refusal to assign blame was followed by the repetition in Chinese state media of Russian claims disputing the veracity of the events.[151][152] Putin's ally, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko, also called the Bucha massacre a "false flag attack" and a "'psychological operation' orchestrated by British operatives in order to introduce new sanctions against Russia", and purportedly gave Putin documents relating to these allegations.[157][158][159] The Cuban state newspaper Granma also claimed that the incident was staged, reporting that the images from Bucha "distort reality and give the world an unreal version of what happened, after the abandonment of Russian troops",[160][161] while Telesur, owned and operated by the governments of Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, described the massacre as "a fake news story".[162] 

US President Joe Biden called for Putin to be tried for war crimes. Biden also stated that he supported additional sanctions on Russia.[163][164] A similar sentiment was shared by British prime minister Boris Johnson, who said that economic sanctions against Russia and military support for Ukraine would be stepped up as a result.[165]

French President Emmanuel Macron described the actions of the Russian military as amounting to war crimes and that new sanctions were necessary in response. Macron suggested targeting the Russian oil and coal industries.[166] Subsequently, the European Union announced additional sanctions against Russia, including a ban on imports of coal, wood, rubber, cement, fertilisers, and other products from Russia. The ban on coal imports was expected to cost Russia €8 billion annually. The additional sanctions also included export bans on high-tech equipment and technology from Europe. In announcing the sanctions, European Commission vice president Josep Borrell stated that they were adopted "following the atrocities committed by Russian armed forces in Bucha".[167] 

Russian response and denial

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See also: Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Propaganda in Russia

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov called the massacre a "fake attack" used against Russia, claiming it had been staged. He said that Russian forces had left Bucha on 30 March while evidence of killings had emerged, according to him, four days later, following the arrival in Bucha of the Ukrainian security service, and claimed that on 31 March Bucha's Mayor Anatoly Fedoruk had released a video message stating that the Russian army had left the city without mentioning any locals shot in the streets.[168][169] The Associated Press reported that Mayor Fedoruk did give his account about "dead bodies piling up in Bucha" on 7 March.[170]

On 4 April, at the United Nations, the Russian representative Vasily Nebenzya said that the bodies in the videos were not there before the Russian forces withdrew from Bucha.[171] This was contradicted by satellite images that showed that the bodies were there as early as 19 March;[172] the position of the corpses in the satellite images matched the smartphone photos taken in early April.[173] He said that the Western media "suppressed all objective facts and evidence and disseminated blatant fakes instead" and that the report published by The Guardian proved that the Ukrainian army was responsible for the killings.[174] 

Russian claims that the bodies had been "staged" by the Ukrainian side after the withdrawal of Russian troops were contradicted by satellite images from mid-March that were provided by Maxar Technologies to The New York Times.[175] The images of Yablonska Street show at least 11 "dark objects of similar size to a human body" appearing between 9 and 11 March. They appeared in precisely the same positions as bodies later filmed by a local council member on 1 April, after Ukrainian forces had reclaimed the city.[35] A video of the same street shows three bodies, near bicycles and abandoned cars, that first appeared between 20 and 21 March according to satellite imagery. The Times concluded, on 4 April, that "many of the civilians were killed more than three weeks ago, when Russia's military was in control of the town" and that the images refute Russian claims of the contrary.[35] BBC News came to the same conclusion.[175] The satellite images also showed the first signs of excavations for a mass grave in Bucha on 10 March. By 31 March, it had been expanded into an "approximately 45-foot-long [14 m] trench in the southwestern section of the area near the church".[176]

The Russian Defence Ministry's Telegram channel reposted a report stating Russian forces had not targeted civilians during the battle. According to the statement, a massacre could not have been covered up by the Russian military, and the mass grave in the city was filled with victims of Ukrainian airstrikes. The ministry said it had analyzed a video purporting to show the bodies of dead civilians in Bucha, and said the corpses filmed were moving. This claim was investigated by the BBC's Moscow Department, which concluded there was no evidence the video had been staged.[177] Russia also released a video that, according to the Kremlin, showed a corpse supposedly moving, although this was quickly deemed false after investigations by fact-checking websites determined that it was a corpse reflected in the rearview mirror of a car.[178][179] 

Netherlands-based investigative journalism group Bellingcat favourably cited the BBC's account and further put into question the timeline presented by Russian government sources.[29] In particular, Bellingcat journalist and founder Eliot Higgins noted that both the Russian media outlet TV Zvezda and the secretary of the Bucha City Council Taras Shapravsky reported that Russian forces were still present in Bucha at least as late as 1 April.[29]

Another attempt to depict the incident as a fake aired on the Russian state television channel Russia-24, using a video that the channel claimed showed Ukrainians arranging mannequins in order to "stage" the Bucha massacre. The footage was quickly identified as coming from a television set filmed in Saint Petersburg. Workers for the television show confirmed that the video was from a Russian television show.[180] Similarly, a video showing Ukrainian soldiers pulling dead bodies with cables in Bucha was widely shared by pro-Russian social media, supposedly to prove that the scene was staged. The provenance of the video is the Associated Press; its report explains that the use of cables was due to concern of the dead bodies being possibly booby-trapped.[181][182] Videos showing Ukrainian forces searching for explosives under the corpses, falsely claiming they were placing the bodies to fake the massacre, were also shared in social media.[183][184][185]

President Putin and Belarusian President Lukashenko called the mass killing of civilians in Bucha "fake".[186]

Associate professor from Lund University Tomas Sniegon, writing for The Conversation, described Russia's approach to Bucha as similar as the Soviet Union's denial of the Katyn massacre, where Soviet troops covered up the execution of thousands of Poles, insisting the massacre had been done by the Wehrmacht.[187] Comparisons between the two events were also made by The Asahi Shimbun[188] and Prime Minister of Slovenia Janez Janša.[189] 

Censorship in Russia

Russian journalist Ilya Krasilshchik (ru), former publisher of the independent news site Meduza, was charged under Russia's 2022 war censorship laws for condemning the Russian military for the Bucha massacre.[190] In June 2023, he was sentenced in absentia to 8 years in prison.[191]

Russian television presenter and singer Maxim Galkin accused the Russian authorities of hypocrisy and lies regarding war crimes committed by Russian soldiers in Bucha.[192]

On 9 December 2022, a Moscow court sentenced Russian opposition politician Ilya Yashin to eight years and six months imprisonment for his statements about the circumstances of the killings in Bucha, on charges of "spreading false information" about the armed forces.[193] Yashin condemned the killings and said that Russian forces in Ukraine were responsible for the massacre. His punishment was the harshest given under the new laws that criminalize spreading "false" information about the armed forces.[194]

Russian authorities opened a criminal case against Russian-American journalist Masha Gessen on charges of spreading "false information" about the Russian army's actions in Ukraine.[195] Gessen was accused of spreading "false information" after talking about the Bucha massacre during an interview with Russian journalist Yury Dud.[196]

On 6 March 2024, Russian journalist Roman Ivanov was sentenced to 7 years in prison for social media posts about the Bucha massacre and other war crimes of the Russian army.[197] In April 2024, Forbes Russia journalist Sergey Mingazov was arrested for "reposting a publication about the events in Bucha" on Telegram.[198]

On 5 June 2024, the Ostankinsky District Court sentenced Russian streamer Anna Bazhutova to five and a half years in prison on charges of spreading "false information" about the Russian military. Bazhutova made a live stream on Twitch that included testimonies of the massacre and residents back in April 2022.[199][200][201] 

Social media comments

An analysis of three Russian nationalist Telegram channels, with tens of thousands of subscribers responding to the news of the massacre, reported that 144 comments – almost half – of those made within the first 48 hours demanded that Russian forces act even more violently. Many of the comments included ethnically motivated calls for violence against Ukrainians, many of them advocating genocide. According to the study, "messages combined religious references with extreme homophobia, overt racism, calls for violence, and descriptions of the Ukrainian other as diseased". Between the time when the news of the massacre broke and late April, the comments in the nationalist Telegram channels became even more extreme in their calls for more sadistic violence from Russian troops, including exhortations to mass rape, prostituting of Ukrainian POWs, and mass murder. Popular Odesa-born Russian "activist-journalist", and moderator of one of the channels, Yuliya Vityazeva, compared Ukrainian defenders of Mariupol to "cockroaches" and stated that gassing them was unnecessary since there were "simpler and cheaper" ways to murder them, a type of comment that resembled narratives observed in the run up to the Rwandan genocide.[202]

The Telegram channels have also been used to sell t-shirts with the letters "V" and "Z" and the slogan "Slaughter in Bucha: We Can Do It Again."[202] 

書きかけながら、これより入院にて中断